For years, investors have heard the same story: American manufacturing is coming back. This writing explores and examines its phase. America’s factory-building boom was real. Broad manufacturing output was not. The evidence points to a narrower, high-tech industrial revival. Semiconductor fabs are rising in Arizona, Texas, and Ohio. Battery plants have spread across the Midwest and South. Federal incentives have helped mobilize large private investment commitments in industries increasingly viewed as strategically important. And the construction boom was real. U.S. manufacturing construction spending more than tripled from its 2019 average to its 2024 peak—even before accounting for factory equipment that construction statistics do not capture. Yet seven years into this experiment, an uncomfortable question remains: Where is the manufacturing boom? From the fourth quarter of 2019 through the second quarter of 2026, U.S. manufacturing output grew at an annualized rate of just 0.2%,...